INTRODUCTION

“Tobacco surely was designed to poison, and destroy mankind”

Health is a wealth and wonderful gift given by god. It’s our duty to preserve it to lead a healthy life. Good health is a priceless asset. But some people, for seeking temporary pleasure fall into bad habits such as smoking tobacco. The personal decisions on behaviour affect the prospects for good health and that ill health is not solely a consequence of ill fortune but frequently a direct consequence of behaviour under individual’s control¹.

In ancient times, when the land was barren and the people were starving, the Great Spirit sent forth women to save humanity. As she travelled over the world every where her right hand touched the soil, there grow potatoes. And everywhere her left hand touched the soil, there grew corn and in the place where she had sat, there grew tobacco². The Portuguese introduced tobacco to India 400 years ago and established the tradition of tobacco trader in their colony of Goa. 200 years later, the British introduced commercially produced cigarettes in India³.

Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, an addictive stimulant and euphoriant. The effect of nicotine in first time or irregular users is an increase in alertness and Memory, and mild euphoria. In chronic users, nicotine simply relieves the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal: confusion, restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, and dysphasia. Nicotine also disturbs metabolism and suppresses appetite. This is because nicotine, like many stimulants, increases blood sugar. Medical research has determined that chronic tobacco smoking can lead to many health problems, particularly lung cancer, emphysema, and cardiovascular disease⁴.

NEED FOR THE STUDY:

It is estimated that like other developing countries, the most susceptible time for initiating tobacco use in India is during adolescence and early adulthood, ages 15-24.9 The majority of users start using tobacco before age 18, while some even start as young as 10. It is estimated that 5,500 adolescents start using tobacco every day in India, joining the 4 million young people under the age of 15 who already regularly use tobacco. Everyday about 80,000 to 100,000 young people initiate smoking, most of them in the developing countries. With current smoking patterns, about 500million people alive today will eventually be killed by tobacco use. More than half of these future deaths will occur among today's children and teenagers. One million of the 4.9 million lives that tobacco claims worldwide every year are Indians⁵.

Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of death and disability Worldwide. The emergence of tobacco related diseases burgeoning public health Problem. According to recent WHO estimates, 4.9 million deaths annually are attributed to tobacco.15 this figure is expected to rise to 10 million in 2030, with 7 million of these deaths occurring in developing countries, mainly China and India. Currently about one-fifth of all worldwide deaths attributed to tobacco occur in India, more than 8,00,000 people die and 12 million people become ill as a result of tobacco use each year.17 Despite thousands of studies showing that tobacco in all its forms kills its users, and smoking cigarettes kills non-users, people continue to smoke, and deaths from tobacco use continue to increase⁶. The above facts and research work earlier shows that there is a need for such structured teaching programs among high school students. As prevention is better than cure, the investigator feels that there is a need for this study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge regarding Ill Effects of Smoking among Students of Government High School of Bagalkot.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1 To assess the knowledge of high school students regarding ill effects of smoking.

2 To develop and conduct structured teaching program on ill effects of smoking among high school students.

3 To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on ill effects of smoking among high school students.

4 To find out the association between the knowledge level of high school students with selected socio demographic variables.

ASSUMPTIONS:

The study is based on the following assumptions:

· High school students may have some knowledge regarding ill effects of smoking.

· Education regarding ill effects of smoking will help them to gain knowledge

· Knowledge regarding ill effects of smoking will develop an unfavourable

· Attitude and change their attitude of practicing tobacco smoking in future.

HYPOTHESES:

H1 There will be no significant difference between the pre test and post test scores on knowledge regarding ill effects of smoking among high school students.

H2 There will be no significant association between selected Socio demographic variables and knowledge scores regarding ill effects of smoking among high school students.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The research design selected for the present study was pre-experimental with one group pre-test and post-test design, in which pre-test was conducted followed by Structured teaching programme and then conducting post-test for the same group after 8 days. The sample size for the present study is 50 and are selected by purposive Sampling technique which is a type of non probability sampling approach, adopted for the study because there were only 30 students in 8th standard and 30 students in 9^th standard it was not possible to make the randomisation and also the present study is on male high school students studying in 8th and 9th standard in Government high school of Bagalkot,. Hence the purposive sampling technique is used which is appropriate sampling technique in such conditions.

Inclusion Criteria:

1 8th and 9th standard students who are studying in English medium Government high school, Bagalkot.

2 School students who are present during the time of data collection and STP.

3 School students who are willing to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1 Students who are critically ill.

2 Students those who are not able to understand English.

3 Girls who are studying in Government high school Bagalkot.

Description of the Tool:

After a thorough review of literature related to the topic and considering the suggestions of experts a structured questionnaire was developed. The structured questionnaire comprised of two parts.

Part I:

Consists of demographic characteristics of respondents seeking information such as age, standard/class, religion, type of family, father’s educational status, mother’s educational status, father’s occupation, monthly income of the family, family history of smoking and source of information regarding ill effects of smoking.

Part II:

Consists of 40 items pertaining to knowledge regarding ill effects of smoking. Ithas three sections as mentioned below.

Section A:

Consists of 10 items on general questions related to ill effects of smoking.

Section B:

Consists of 22 items on Ill effects of smoking related to physical health.

Section C:

Consists of 8 items on Ill effects of smoking related to Psychological, Financial, Social and environmental aspects of life.

Procedure for data collection:

The data collection was for 4weeks. Investigator introduced himself to the respondents, explained the purpose of the study. Respondents were made to feel comfortable and relaxed by providing conducive atmosphere. The investigator collected the data by administering the questionnaires.

Pre-test:

The investigator consulted each of the selected samples and administered the questionnaire prepared regarding ill effects of smoking for 25, 8th standard students in classroom for another 25, 9th standard students. Time taken for filling up of the questionnaire was around 50 to 60 minutes. Than Implementation of STP.

Post test:

After 8th day of implementation of teaching programme, the post test was Carried out the same questionnaires were administered to collect post-test knowledge and the same procedure was followed. Time taken for filling up of the questionnaire was around 50 to 60 minutes.

Data Analysis:

The data obtained was analysed in terms of achieving the objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics.

RESULTS:

Section-II: Aspect wise Pre-test Mean percentage Knowledge Scores:

Reveals aspect wise pre-test mean percentage knowledge score on ill effects of smoking. Aspect wise mean percentage knowledge score regarding ill effects of smoking obtained from respondents. The highest 45.2 mean percentage knowledge score was obtained in general questions related to ill effects of smoking, followed by 44.3 mean percentage knowledge score in ill effects of smoking on psychological, social, financial and environmental aspects of life, and 40.2 of mean percentage knowledge score was found in the aspect of ill effects of smoking on physical health.

However, the overall pre-test mean percentage knowledge score was found to be 33.8 percentage and standard deviation as 6.6 percentages among the respondents.

Aspect wise Post-test Mean percentage Knowledge Score:

The results of aspect wise post-test Mean percentage knowledge scores on ill effects of smoking are depicted in table 4.

The highest 89 mean percentage knowledge score was found in ill effects of smoking on psychological, social, financial and environmental aspects of life, followed by 88.4 percentage mean knowledge score in general questions related to ill effects of smoking, and 84.9 mean percentage knowledge score was found in ill effects of smoking on physical health. However, the overall post-test mean percentage knowledge score was found to be 69.28 percentage and standard deviation 4.49 percentage among the respondents.

Association between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores: Overall Mean percentage Knowledge Scores of Pre-test and Post-tests

Paired t - 28.16*

* Significant at 5% Level

DISCUSSION:

Knowledge of high school students regarding ill effects of smoking:

The present study confirms that the overall knowledge in pre-test is 33.8%, which is less. This shows that there is lack of information among high school students regarding ill effects of smoking. Although many students partly understand the risks of smoking, they do not have a clear knowledge of the risks of diseases besides lung cancer. Education about the risks of smoking and about smoking Cessation is required.

Effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding ill effects of smoking:

The present study confirmed that there was a considerable improvement of knowledge after the structured teaching programme and is statistically established as significant. The overall mean percentage knowledge score in the pre-test was 33.8%and 69.28% in the post-test with 35.48% mean percentage knowledge enhancement. The mean knowledge score during pre-test is 16.9 and 34.64 in the post-test.

Association between demographic variables and knowledge scores:

Among the demographic variables analysed in this study, religion, occupational status of the father, and family history of smoking are found to have high significant association with knowledge scores. There was no significant association between age, standard, type of family, father’s educational status, Mother’s educational status, family income, and knowledge scores.

REFERENCES:

1 Judith M, Michael E. The Tobacco Atlas © World Health Organisation. I ed. Brighten (UK): Myriad Edition Ltd; 2002 (1): p 18.

2 History of Smoking (online). 2004 July 21 (cited 2007 Oct 21); available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/smoking.

3 Asma S, Bellcher DW, Giovino G, Lopez AD, Derik Y and Yang G. Oxford Text Book of Public Health. 4th ed. Oxford. Oxford University Press; 1999; 11: p 60-63.

4 Peabody JW, Shimkhada R. Tobacco control Pn India Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2003; 81: p 48-52.

5 Atren’s DM, Nicotine as pan addictive substance critical examination of the basic concepts and empirical evidence, Journal of Drug issues 2001; 022-0426/01/02:325-394. 6 Masironi R, Ramstrom LM. Tobacco or Health: implications of the Tobacco dependence syndrome for Smoking control programmes. Health Administration. 1999;

Received on 25.01.2017 Modified on 15.02.2017

Int. J. Adv. Nur. Management. 2017; 5(3): 251-254.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2652.2017.00054.3